On-orbit autonomy refers to the capability of a spacecraft to perform tasks and make decisions independently while in orbit, without requiring constant communication and control from ground-based operators. This autonomy is achieved through advanced algorithms, AI, and ML technologies that enable the spacecraft to handle various functions on its own. On-orbit autonomy enhances the efficiency and reliability of space missions by reducing the dependency on ground control, allowing for faster response times, and enabling more complex and ambitious missions. It is a critical capability for deep space exploration, where communication delays with Earth can be significant. It is also critical for Earth orbit, where the exponential rise in the number of satellites launched per year makes traffic and data management impossible with traditional approaches. This will allow for the development of constellations at scale.